cactusclassification – Page 31 – THE LAST CACTUS CLASSIFICATION

April 20, 2016April 20, 2016

COLEOCEPHALOCEREUS

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Micranthocereus_estevesii.jpg

Autor: Backeberg

• ETYMOLOGY
“Wrapped candle wax with cephalium (head)”, because the genus has a cephalium which is literally buried, sunk into the stem.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of erect, semi erect or creeping plants, branching from the base or not (according to species), stems globular or elongated to columnar. Areoles rather small and close to each other, spines variable. Cephalium lateral or apical, more or less embedded in the stem, consisting of wool and robust bristles, wherein the flowers appear.
Flowers nocturnal, self sterile, pollinated by bats and moths (or diurnal in the subgenus Buiningia and so pollinated by hummingbirds), tubular, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, white, pinkish-white, greenish-white, greenish yellow or purplish red. The fruits are fleshy berries, globular or club-shaped, naked, expelled when ripe and opening through a basal pore. Seeds globose to pyriform, tuberculate, black, mainly dispersed by ants (myrmecochory), also by lizards (saurochory).
• HABITAT
The genus Coleocephalocereus grows endemically in Brazil among rocks, on granitic outcrops and often slightly sloped terraces, in cracks where pockets of humus accumulate, also in the caatinga (dry thorn Brazilian forest), together with other cacti and succulents, from 200 m up to 800 m in altitude. Temperatures vary little throughout the year, and the relative humidity is quite high.
• DISTRIBUTION
Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo).

Currently 10 species + one doubtful subspecies:
– Coleocephalocereus aureus F.Ritter 1968
– Coleocephalocereus braunii Diers & Esteves 1985
– Coleocephalocereus buxbaumianus Burning 1974
– Coleocephalocereus buxbaumianus subsp. flavisetus (F.Ritter) Taylor & Zappi 1997
– Coleocephalocereus decumbens F.Ritter 1968
– Coleocephalocereus diersianus P.J.Braun & Esteves 1988
– Coleocephalocereus estevesii Diers & Esteves 1978
– Coleocephalocereus fluminensis* (Miq.) Backeb. 1941
– Coleocephalocereus goebelianus* (Vaupel) Burning 1970 (doubtful here)
– Coleocephalocereus pluricostatus Burning & Brederoo 1971
– Coleocephalocereus purpureus F.Ritter 1979

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 20, 2016April 20, 2016

COCHEMIEA

Autor: (K. Brandegee) Walton

• ETYMOLOGY
Because the genus (misspelled) is native to the region of the Cochimi Indians in Baja California, Mexico.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of branched plants, many erect or prostrate elongated stems with distinct tubercles spirally arranged, not furrowed. Central spine hooked or straight (only in C. halei).
Flowers diurnal, self sterile, zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), appearing in the axil of tubercles, bright red, pollinated by hummingbirds (Basilinnaxantusii, Caiypte costae). Fruits globular, naked, red to purple red, indehiscent. Seeds dark brown to black, pear-shaped, dotted with holes.
• HABITAT
The genus Cochemiea grows endemically in the Baja California peninsula in Mexico at low altitudes near the ocean, often in full sun, but also in the shade of bushes, on rocky cliffs in canyons, on sandy or silty alluvial plains, or on hill slopes and rocky ridges, from sea level up to 1800 m in altitude.
• DISTRIBUTION
Mexico (Baja California).
Currently 5 recognised species (or 3 species + 2 subspecies):
– Cochemiea halei* (K.Brandegee) Walton 1899
– Cochemiea maritima G.E.Lindsay 1937 (or C. pondil subsp. maritima)
– Cochemiea pondii* (Greene) Walton 1899
– Cochemiea poselgeri* (Hildm.) Britton & Rose 1923
– Cochemiea setispina* (J.M.Coult.) Walton 1899 (or C. pondii subsp. setispina)

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 20, 2016April 20, 2016

CLEISTOCACTUS

Autor: Lemaire

• ETYMOLOGY
“Closed cactus” referring to the tubular flowers that open only very slightly.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of shrubby plants with erect, often slender, cylindrical stems, shape variable, pendulous, prostrate, creeping or pending. Central and radial spines poorly differentiated.
Flowers diurnal, narrowly tubular, almost closed, more or less hairy, straight or slightly curved, yellow, orange, red to purplish red, pink, green, or sometimes bicoloured or even tricoloured, pollinated by hummingbirds. Fruits small, scaly, spherical, splitting when ripe. Seeds many, small, shinyrblack, globose to pyriform (pear-shaped), striate, often foveolate.
• HABITAT
The genus Cleistocactus grows in dry, semi-arid woodlands, among thorny bushes, or in full sun, mainly in the Andes from 100 m up to 3000 m in altitude. The species found at higher altitudes (C. hyalacanthus, C. jujuyensis) are found in high valleys, in mineral, sometimes schistose substrates. Others (e.g. C. ritteri) live in deep valleys with a tropical climate. Some species such as C. baumannii are highly variable and a subspecies (C. baumannii subsp. horstii) lives at 100-200 m above sea level in an area near the Grand Pantanal wetlands in Brazil, where the average annual temperature is 25°C, and rainfall is than 1000 mm/year.
• DISTRIBUTION
Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba , Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta , Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Tucuman), Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Brazil (Mato Grosso), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron, Concepcion, Cordillera, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes), Peru (Apurimac, Ayacucho, Huancavelica).

Currently 27 species (sensu strido + 7 subspecies) can be recognised:
– Cleistocactus ayopayanus Cardenas 1956
– Cleistocactus baumannii* (Lem.) Lem. 1861
– Cleistocactus baumannii subsp. chacoanus (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Cleistocactus baumannii subsp. horstii (P.J.Braun) N.p.Tayior 1998
– Cleistocactus baumannii subsp. paraguariensis (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Cleistocactus baumannii subsp. santacruzensis (Backeb.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Cleistocactus brookeae Cardenas 1952
– Cleistocactus brookeae subsp. vulpis-cauda (F.Ritter & Cullman) Mottram 2001
– Cleistocactus buchtienii* Backeb. 1935 (= C. tupizensis)
– Cleistocactus candelilla Cardenas 1952
– Cleistocactus candelilla subsp. plraymirensis (cardenas) Mottram 2002
– Cleistocactus colademononis (Diers & Krahn) Mottram 2006
– Cleistocactus dependens Cardenas 1952
– Cleistocactus ferrari R.Kiesling 1984
– Cleistocactus grossei Backeb. 1957
– Cleistocactus hildegardiae F.Ritter 1980
– Cleistocactus hyalacanthus Backeb. 1942
– Cleistocactus jujuyensis (Backeb.) Backeb. 1942
– Cleistocactus lanlceps (K.Schum.) Gosselin 1904
– Cleistocactus luribayensis Cardenas 1956
– Cleistocactus morawetzianus Backeb. 1936
– Cleistocactus palhuayensis F.Ritter & Sahori 1980
– Cleistocactus parapetiensis Cardenas 1952
– Cleistocactus parviflorus* (K.Schum.) Gosselin 1904
– Cleistocactus pungens F.Ritter 1964
– Cleistocactus pycnacanthus (Rauh & Backeb.) Backeb. 1966
– Cleistocactus reae Cardenas 1957
– Cleistocactus ritteri* Backeb. 1959
– Cleistocactus smaragdifiorus* (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose 1920
– Cleistocactus strausii* (Heese) Backeb. 1934
– Cleistocactus tominensis (Weing.) Backeb. 1935
– Cleistocactus tominensis subsp. micropetalus (Ritter) Mottram 2002
– Cleistocactus varispinus F.Ritter 1964 (= Cephalocleistocactus schottatianus)
– Cleistocactus viridiflorus Backeb. 1963

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 20, 2016April 20, 2016

CIPOCEREUS

http://www.cl-cactus.com/images/49/RNK%2076.jpg

Autor: Ritter

• ETYMOLOGY
“Candle of Cipo”, because the genus comes from Serra do Cipo in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of shrubby plants, shortly columnar, some species are branched with woody stems. Spines sometimes absent, areoles rounded, sometimes woolly. Number of ribs variable (4-21).
Flowers nocturnal, remaining open the next day, tubular, glaucous, white, pollinated by bats. Fruits globose to ovoid, blue, indehiscent, translucent watery pulp (main characteristic of the genus), and keeping the remains of the dried perianth. Seeds rough, cochleariform (spoon-shaped), black, embossed, strongly tuberculate, domed or conical. Seed dispersal takes places by birds and bats.
• HABITAT
The genus Cipocereus grows endemically from 500 m up to 1500 m in altitude, in the mountains of Minas Gerais in Brazil, on rocky areas, and white quartz sand, in the shade of shrubs, where there is an accumulation of humus. Mists that form at these altitudes contribute to “water” the semi-arid zone, populated by other cacti, bromeliads and terrestrial orchids, as well as mosses and lichens.
• DISTRIBUTION
Brazil (Minas Gerais).

Currently 5 recognised species + one subspecies:
– Cipocereus bradei (Backeb. & Voli) Zappi & N.p.Tayior 1991
– Cipocereus crassisepalus (Burning & Brederoo) N.p.Tayior & Zappi 1991
– Cipocereus laniflorus N.p.Tayior & Zappi 1997
– Cipocereus minensis* (Werderm.) F.Ritter 1979
– Cipocereus minensis subsp. leiocarpus N.p.Tayior & Zappi 2004
– Cipocereus pleurocarpus Ritter 1991

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 20, 2016April 20, 2016

CEREUS

Autor: Miller

• ETYMOLOGY
“Wax candle”, referring to the cylindrical stems of this genus, having the shape of a wax candle.
• DESCRIPTION
Shrubby or treelike plants, usually much branched, erect or prostrate depending on the species and often with a welldefined trunk. Stems angular, ribbed and well developed, with rather large areoles, generally woolly but not hairy. Spines often numerous and aciculate. Pseudocephalium densely woolly, present in only one species, Cereus mortensenii.
Flowers nocturnal, funnel-shaped, white, whitish purple or yellow, pollinated by Sphingidae (Cereus aethiops, C. fernambucensis, C. hildmannianus), bats (Glossophagasoricina, G. longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae for Cereus repandus; Artibeus iituratus, A. jamaicensis and Glossophaga longirostris for Cereus hexagonus) during the night, and hummingbirds (Chlorostiibon aureiventris for C.jamacaru) when they are still open in the morning. Fruits globose to ovoid, fleshy, with a lateral dehiscence, highly variable in colour, may be greenish, yellow, red or bluish, keeping or not keeping the remains of dried perianth. Seeds large, black, rough, strongly tuberculate. Seed dispersal (for Cereus stenogonus and probably many others) provided by – among others and in some areas – the tapir (Tapirus terrestris).
• HABITAT
As circumscribed here, the genus Cereus grows in a variety of habitats (some species such as C. validus having a wide distribution), mainly in the shade, in thorny thickets and dry forests of South America, also in full sun on rocky hills of volcanic origin (C. insularis), plains, on various soils, granitic, sandy, etc., almost from the sea level up to 3200 m in altitude.
• DISTRIBUTION
Argentina (Buenos-Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz,), Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, ile Fernando de Noronha, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia, Ecuador (Guayas, Los Rios), Guyana, French Guyana, Caribean Islands (Grenada, Trinidad & Tobago), Paraguay (Chaco, Cordillera, Guaira, Paraguari), Peru (Apurimac, Cuzco, Loreto, San Martin), Surinam, Uruguay (Colonia), Venezuela (Lara).

Currently 26 species of which some are doubtful + 3 subspecies
– Cereus aethiops* Haw. 1830
– Cereus albicaulis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. 1923
– Cereus bicolor Rizzini & A.Mattos 1985
– Cereus braunii Cárdenas 1956
– Cereus cochabambensis Cárdenas 1970
– Cereus colosseus (F.Ritter) Guiggi 2012
– Cereus comarapanus Cárdenas 1956
– Cereus fernambucensis Lem. 1839
– Cereus fernambucensis subsp. sericifer (F.Ritter) N.P.Taylor& zappi 1997
– Cereus fricii Backeb. 1930
– Cereus grenadensis Britton & Rose 1920
– Cereus hankeanus F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum. 1898
– Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill. 1768
– Cereus hildmannlanus* K.Schum. 1890 (= C. alacriportanus ?)
– Cereus hildmannianus subsp. uruguayanus (R.Kiesiing) N.p.Tayior 1998
– Cereus horrispinus Backeb. 1930
– Cereus huilunchu Cárdenas 1951
– Cereus insularis Hemsl. 1884
– Cereus jamacaru* DC. 1828
– Cereus jamacaru subsp. calclrupicola (F.Ritter) N.P.Tayior & Zappi 1997
– Cereus lanosus (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun 1988
– Cereus mirabella N.P.Tayior 1991
– Cereus mortensenii (Croizat) D.R.Hunt & N.P.Tayior 1991
– Cereus pierre-braunianus Esteves 2003
– Cereus repandus ( L . ) Mill. 1768
– Cereus stenogonus K.Schum. 1899 (= C. dayamii)
– Cereus trigonodendron K.Schum. ex Vaupel 1908
– Cereus validus Haw. 1831
– Cereus vargasianus Cárdenas 1951

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)