cactusclassification – Page 28 – THE LAST CACTUS CLASSIFICATION

April 24, 2016April 24, 2016

ECHINOCEREUS

Autor: Engelmann

• DESCRIPTION
A genus of low bushy plants, solitary or branched, sometimes forming dense cushions, prostrate or erect, globose or cylindrical, ribbed, with fibrous or tuberous roots. Spines more or less robust, highly variable in size and shape.
Flowers diurnal, small to rather large, self sterile, funnel-shaped, often brightly coloured, pink, magenta, red purple, yellow, greenish yellow, brown, sometimes white; stigmas of the pistil mostly green; areoles of the floral tube and the pericarpel bearing spines, bristles and sometimes wool. Some are pollinated by hummingbirds (Archilochus alexandri, Eugenes fulgens, Lampornis clemenciae, Selasphorus platycercus), others by bees (Megachile), rarely by bats (Scobell & Scott 2002, in Emerson 2007). Fruits globose to egg-shaped, longitudinally dehiscent, or indehiscent, juicy, spiny (spines sometimes falling when fruit is ripe). Seeds broadly ovate, tuberculate, rather dull, black. Dispersion performed among others by lizards (saurochory).
• HABITAT
With a wide geographic distribution, the genus Echinocereus grows in very vast and diverse habitats, in the shade or in full sun according to species, in woodlands rich in humus, with pines, oaks, junipers, but also in prairies, mountains where the species living here can withstand frost, deserts, gravelly plains, hills, plateaus, canyons, cliffs and rocky escarpments, arroyos, coastal areas where the plants can receive sea sprays, valleys, dry regions etc., among grasses, bushes or under Mezquites (Prosopis spp.), rocky outcrops and outwash plains, often on limestone, also on granitic, gravelly, sandy or rocky soils, volcanic tuffs, in the Gulf of Mexico or Pacific coast islands, from sea level up to 2700 m in altitude, together with other cacti and succulents.
• DISTRIBUTION
Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming).

currently 67 recognise dspecies,+ 46 subspecies and with one (and more?) natural hybrid:
– Echinocereus acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) F.Haage 1859
– Echinocereus acifer subsp. huitcholensis (F.A.c.Weber) M.Lange 1994
– Echinocereus adustus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus adustus subsp. schwarzii (A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus apachensis Blum & Rutow 1998
– Echinocereus arizonicus Rose ex Orcutt 1926
– Echinocereus barthelowanus* Britton & Rose 1922
– Echinocereus berlandieri* (Engelm.) F.Haage 1859
– Echinocereus bonkerae* Thornb. & Bonker 1932
– Echinocereus brandegeei* (J.M.Coult.) K.Schum. 1897
– Echinocereus bristolii* W.T.Marshall 1938
– Echinocereus chisosensis W.T.Marshall 1940
– Echinocereus chisoensis subsp. fobeanus (Oehme) N.P.Taylor 2005
– Echinocereus cinerascens* (DC.) Lem. 1868
– Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. ehrenbergii (Pfeiffer) W.BIum & Rutow 1998
– Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. septentrionalis (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. tulensis (Bravo) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus coccineus Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus coccineus subsp. paucispinus (Engelm.) Blum 1998
– Echinocereus dasyacanthus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. ctenoides (Engelm.) J.Lode 2013
– Echinocereus engelmannii* (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem. 1868
– Echinocereus enneacanthus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus enneacanthus subsp. brevispinus* (W.O.Moore) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus fasciculatus* (Engelm. ex B.DJackson) L.D.Benson 1969
– Echinocereus fasciculatus subsp. boyce-thompsonii (Orcutt) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus fendleri* (Engelm.) F.Seitz 1870
– Echinocereus fendleri subsp. hempelii (Fobe) Blum 1998
– Echinocereus fendleri subsp. rectispinus* (Peebles) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus ferreirianus* H.E.Gates 1953
– Echinocereus ferreirianus subsp. lindsayi (J.Meyran) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus freudenbergeri* G.Frank 1981
– Echinocereus grandis* Britton & Rose 1922
– Echinocereus klapperi* Blum 1998
– Echinocereus knippelianus* Liebner 1895
– Echinocereus knippelianus subsp. kruegeri (Glass & Foster) Glass 1998
– Echinocereus knippelianus subsp. reyesii (A.B.Lau) Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus kroenleinii (Cartier) Blum & Waldeis 1999
– Echinocereus laui* G.Frank 1978
– Echinocereus ledingii* Peebles 1936
– Echinocereus leucanthus* N.P.Taylor 1985
– Echinocereus longisetus (Engelm.) Lem. 1868
– Echinocereus longisetus subsp. delaetii (Gurke) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus mapimiensis* E.F.Anderson, W.Hodgson & P.Quirk 1998
– Echinocereus maritimus* (M.E.Jones) K.Schum. 1897
– Echinocereus maritimus subsp. hancockii (E.Y.Dawson) Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus metornii G.Frank 1990
– Echinocereus mombergerianus* G.Frank 1990
– Echinocereus nicholii* (L.D.Benson) B.D.Parfitt 1987
– Echinocereus nivosus* Glass & Foster 1978
– Echinocereus ortegae* Rose ex J.G.Ortega 1929
– Echinocereus ortegae subsp. koehresianus (G.Frank) W.Rischer & G.Frank 1996
– Echinocereus pacificus (Engelm.) F.Haage 1859
– Echinocereus palmeri* Britton & Rose 1922
– Echinocereus palmeri subsp. mazapil Hernandez & Gomez 2004
– Echinocereus pamanesiorum* A.B.Lau 1981
– Echinocereus pamanesiorum subsp. bonatzii (R.C.Roemer) R.C.Roemer 1997
– Echinocereus papillosus* Linke ex Rumpler 1885
– Echinocereus parkeri* N.P.Taylor 1988
– Echinocereus parkeri subsp. arteagensis Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus parkeri subsp. gonzalezii (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus parkeri subsp. mazapilensis Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus pectinatus* (Scheidw.) Engelm. 1948
– Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. wenigeri* (L.D.Benson) Blum & Rutow 1998
– Echinocereus pentalophus* (DC.) Lem. 1868
– Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. leonensis (Mathsson) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. procumbens (Engelm.) Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus polyacanthus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus poselgeri* Lem. 1868
– Echinocereus primolanatus Schwarz ex N.P.Taylor 1985
– Echinocereus pseudopectinatus (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor 1989
– Echinocereus pulchellus* (C.Mart.) F.Seitz 1870
– Echinocereus pulchellus subsp. acanthosetus (S.Arias & U.Guzman) N.P.Taylor 1998
– Echinocereus pulchellus subsp. sharpii (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus pulchellus subsp. weinbergii (Weing.) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus rayonesensis* N.P.Taylor 1988
– Echinocereus reichenbachii* (Terscheck ex Walpers) F.Haage 1859
– Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. armatus (Poselg.) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. baileyi* (Rose) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. burrensis G.R.w.Frank 2000
– Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. fitchii* (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. perbellus* (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus rigidissimus* (Engelm.) F.Haage 1897
– Echinocereus rigidissimus subsp. rubispinus (G.Frank & A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus russanthus* Weniger 1969
– Echinocereus salm-dyckianus Scheer 1856
– Echinocereus santaritensis Blum & Rutow 1999
– Echinocereus scheeri* (Salm-Dyck) Scheer 1856
– Echinocereus scheeri subsp. gentryi (Clover) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus schereri G. Frank 1990
– Echinocereus schmollii* (Weing.) N.P.Taylor 1985
– Echinocereus sciurus* (K.Brandegee) Dams 1904
– Echinocereus sciurus subsp. floresii (Schwarz ex Backeb.) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus scopulorum* Britton & Rose 1922
– Echinocereus spinigemmatus* A.B.Lau 1984
– Echinocereus stoloniferus* W.T.Marshall 1938
– Echinocereus stoloniferus subsp. tayopensis (W.T.Marshall) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus stramineus* (Engelm.) F.Seitz 1870
– Echinocereus stramineus subsp. occidentalis (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus subinermis* Salm-Dyck ex Scheer 1856
– Echinocereus subinermis subsp. ochoterenae (J.G.Ortega) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus tamaulipensis (Werderm.) M.Lange 1995
– Echinocereus triglochidiatus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. mojavensis* (Engelm. & Bigelow) Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus viereckii* Werderm. 1934
– Echinocereus viereckii subsp. morricalii (Riha) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus viridiflorus* Engelm. 1848
– Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. chloranthus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. correllii (L.D.Benson) Blum & Lange 1998
– Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. cylindricus* (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. davisii* (Houghton) N.P.Taylor 1997
– Echinocereus waldeisii Haugg 1994
– Echinocereus websterianus* G.E.Lindsay 1947
– Echinocereus x roetteri (Engelm.) Rumpler 1886

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 24, 2016April 24, 2016

ECHINOCACTUS

Autor: Link & Otto

• ETYMOLOGY
“Sea-urchin cactus, hedgehog cactus”, referring to the globular shape of the genus, covered with stout spines.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of globose to shortly columnar plants, flattened at the apex, solitary or densely branched. Stems with numerous ribs (up to 60), apex densely covered with wool. Large areoles, usually elongated, confluent in adult plants, having no nectar glands. Spines very stout, centrals well differentiated from the radials. Flowers diurnal, self-sterile, appearing in the wool, shortly funnel-shaped to bell-shaped, with scales ending into spines, yellow or pink, pollinated mostly by hymenoptera, reported to be sometimes pollinated by bats (￡. horizontholonius in Alvarez & Gonzalez, 1970, Gardner 1977, by Glossophaga longirostris in Dobat, K. & T. Peikert-Holle, 1985).
Fruits globose to elongated, fleshy or dry when ripe, dehiscent or indehiscent, densely covered with scales and withwool. Seeds usually very large, black and papillose (E. polycephalus).
• HABITAT
Considering the biodiversity of the species within the genus, Echinocactus grows in extremely diverse habitats, among bushes and grasses, on rocky, coarse sandy, rather mineral, sometimes limestone, but also slightly loamy soils, on rocky slopes, plateaus, in plains or mountains, in deserts (Sonora and Chihuahua) on gentle slopes, on conglomerates of quartz sand, on very arid, gravelly or rocky, sometimes clayey soils, in desert valleys, on hills, on edge of canyons, or in juniper and pine woodlands, from 30 m up to approximately 2200 m in altitude.
• DISTRIBUTION
Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Mexico D.F., Nuevo Leon, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas), USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah).

Currently 5 species + a recognised subspecies, among which are 3 conflicting taxa:
– Echinocactus horizonthalonius* Lem. 1839
– Echinocactus parryi* Engelm. 1856 (conflicting taxon within Echinocactus)
– Echinocactus platyacanthus* Link & Otto 1827 (= E. ingens Zucc. ex Pfeiff. 1837)
– Echinocactus polycephalus* Engelm. & Bigelow 1856 (conflicting taxon within Echinocactus)
– Echinocactus polycephalus subsp. xeranthemoides (J.M.Coult.) N.P.Taylor 1998 (conflicting taxon within Echinocactus)
– Echinocactus texensis* Hopffer 1842

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 24, 2016April 24, 2016

DISOCACTUS

https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7272/7140399743_148b9ed38c_b.jpg

Autor: Lindley

• ETYMOLOGY
“Double Cactus” because the inner and outer segments of the flowers of this genus have an equal length.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of epiphytic or lithophytic plants, ribbed or flattened stems (phylloclades). Spines setose or absent, areoles often numerous.
Flowers usually diurnal, self-sterile and pollinated by hummingbirds (except D. macranthus?), rather large, of different size and shape, funnel-shaped or tubular, sometimes zygomorphic, rarely rotate, white, pink to red or pink purple. Stamens arranged in two series. Fruits like berries, almost naked or weakly scaly. Seeds ovate, covered by an envelope of mucilage, shiny or matt, brown to black.
• HABITAT
The genus Disocactus grows epiphytically in the tropical cloud forests of southern Mexico and Central America, from approximately 700 m up to 2100 m in altitude.
• DISTRIBUTION
El Salvador, Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Escuintla, Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola), Honduras (Comayagua), Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico D.F., Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz), Nicaragua (Jinotega).

Currently 8 species to debate:
– Disocactus ackermannii* (Haw.) Barthlott 1991
– Disocactus biformis* (Lindi.) Lindi. 1845
– Disocactus eichlamii (Weing.) Britton & Rose 1913
– Disocactus macdougallii (Alexander) Barthlott 1991
– Disocactus macranthus (Alexander) Kimnach & Hutchison 1957
– Disocactus nelsonii (Britton & Rose) Lindinger 1942 (non Selenicereus nelsonii)
– Disocactus phyllanthoides (DC.) Barthlott 1991
– Disocactus quetzaltecus (Standi. & Steyerm.) Kimnach 1959

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 22, 2016April 22, 2016

DISCOCACTUS

Autor: Pfeiffer

• ETYMOLOGY
“Cactus-disc”, referring to the flat-round disc-shape of some species in the genus, when they were first described.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of low-growing plants generally solitary, globose, more or less flattened, with numerous tuberculate ribs, with areoles covered by spines. Usually, spines are robust, often flattened at the base and curved. Apical cephalium densely woolly from which appear stiff bristles.
Flowers nocturnal, sometimes self-fertile, appearing rapidly when buds emerge from the cephalium, strongly scented, funnel-shaped, white, with a slender floral tube, pollinated by Sphingideae. Fruits globose to clavate or elongated, slightly fleshy, fragile, usually white to more or less tinged with pink, with lateral dehiscence, retaining the remains of dried perianth. Seeds shiny, covered with papilla, or tuberculate, black. Dispersion essentially myrmecophilous, also
reported a case of hydrochory with Discocactus bahiensis (Taylor & Zappi 2004).
• HABITAT
The genus Discocactus usually grows at ground level, in small scattered colonies, sometimes together with other cacti, succulents, orchids and Bromeliads, in the mountains and plateaus of northern Brazil and neighbouring countries (Bolivia and Paraguay), on rocky platforms, in the shade of bushes and spiny shrubs, or in full sun (D. silicicola), on rocky, clay or sandy soils (D. hartmannii), detrital, sometimes of volcanic origin, or in sandstone crevices, ferruginous
red earths, or manganesiferous black soil, siliceous gravels or fine crystalline sand, yellow or white quartz (D. horstii), in pockets of humus, also alluvial areas or on slopes of rocky hills, in very open woodlands, from 100 m (D. ferricola) up to 1300 m in altitude (D. placentiformis). In periods of drought, some species become mimetic, often covered with soil and various organic debris which protect them from the sun and dessication. Some species such as D. silicicola, may withstand minimum temperatures of only +5°C in winter in their habitat.
• DISTRIBUTION
Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piaui, Tocantins), Paraguay (Amambay).

Currently 25 possible species + 14 subspecies
– Discocactus bahiensis* Britton & Rose 1922
– Discocactus bahiensis subsp. gracilis P.J.Braun & Esteves 2001
– Discocactus bahiensis subsp. subviridigriseus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1993
– Discocactus boliviensis Backeb. 1963
– Discocactus cangaensis Diers & Esteves 1980
– Discocactus catingicola* Burning & Brederoo 1974
– Discocactus catingicola subsp. griseus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Discocactus catingicola subsp. rapirhizus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1993
– Discocactus cephaliaciculosus Burning & Brederoo 1995
– Discocactus crassispinus P.J.Braun & Esteves 1994
– Discocactus diersianus Esteves 1979
– Discocactus estevesii Diers & Esteves 1978
– Discocactus ferricola Burning & Brederoo 1975
– Discocactus hartmannii (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose 1922
– Discocactus hartmannii subsp. patulifolius (Burning & Brederoo) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Discocactus hartmannii subsp. setosiflorus P.J.Braun & Esteves 1994
– Discocactus heptacanthus (Rodr.) Britton & Rose 1922
– Discocactus heptacanthus subsp. magnimammus (Buin. & Bred.) N.P.Taylor & Zappi 1991
– Discocactus heptacanthus subsp. melanochlorus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1993
– Discocactus horstii Burning & Brederoo ex Burning 1973
– Discocactus latispinus Burning & Brederoo 1976
– Discocactus latispinus subsp. pulvinicapitatus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1993
– Discocactus lindanus Diers & Esteves 1981 (“lindaianus”)
– Discocactus pachythele Burning & Brederoo 1975
– Discocactus petr-halfari M.Zachar 2008
– Discocactus piauiensis P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Discocactus placentiformis* (Lehm.) K.Schum. 1894
– Discocactus placentiformis subsp. multicolorispinus (P.J. Braun & Brederoo) P.J. Braun & Esteves 1993
– Discocactus placentiformis subsp. pugionacanthus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Discocactus prominentigibbus Diers & Esteves 1988
– Discocactus pseudoinsignis N.P.Taylor & Zappi 1991
– Discocactus silicicola Burning & Brederoo 1975
– Discocactus silvaticus Burning & J. Theunissen 1977
– Discocactus squamibaccatus Burning & Brederoo 1977
– Discocactus subterraneo-proliferans Diers & Esteves 1980
– Discocactus zehntneri* Britton & Rose 1922
– Discocactus zehntneri subsp. albispinus (Buin. & Bred.) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Discocactus zehntneri subsp. boomianus* (Buin. & Bred.) N.P.Taylor & Zappi 1991
– Discocactus zehntneri subsp. buenekeri* (Abraham) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1993

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 22, 2016April 22, 2016

DENMOZA

https://www.cactuspro.com/photos_jpg/40/4086.jpg

Autor: Britton & Rose

• ETYMOLOGY
The name is an anagram of Mendoza, in Argentina, the province where the genus was first found.
• DESCRIPTION
Monotypic genus of plants generally solitary (branching from the base only very rarely), at first globose, becoming columnar, with numerous ribs (up to 30), areoles very close. Spines highly polymorphic, especially between young and adult plants. Flowering areoles with bristles, hairs and spines which are longer and robust.
Flowers diurnal, self-sterile, tubular slightly zygomorphic, appearing near the apex, scarlet red, pollinated by hummingbirds (Patagona gigas), but considering the ease with which the pollen grains are released, I would add a possible and even probable anemophily. Fruits globose, hairy, becoming dry and cracking from the top when ripe. Seeds shiny, wrinkled and pitted, brownish black.
• HABITAT
The monotypic genus Denmoza grows in full sun, from 600 m up to approximately 3500 m in altitude, on rocky hills, stony slopes, on rocky but also sandy soils, in foothills situated east of the Andes. In habitat, plants tend to heliotropism.
• DISTRIBUTION
Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, Tucuman).

Currently only one recognised species (and a possible subspecies?):
– Denmoza rhodacantha* (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose 1922

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)