cactusclassification – Page 23 – THE LAST CACTUS CLASSIFICATION

April 30, 2016April 30, 2016

HARRISIA

Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste - Progetto Dryades - Picture by Andrea Moro - Comune di Napoli, Orto Botanico di Napoli, Università degli Studi Federico II, NA, Campania, Italia, - Image licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 License — Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste – Progetto Dryades – Picture by Andrea Moro – Comune di Napoli, Orto Botanico di Napoli, Università degli Studi Federico II, NA, Campania, Italia, – Image licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 License

Autor: Britton

• ETYMOLOGY
Genus honouring James William Harris (1860-1920), Irish botanist, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica (see portrait above, public domain).
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of often treelike, mostly shrubby plants, with more or less slender, branched but not segmented branches, not forming aerial roots, sometimes erect, curved, decumbent, often prostrate but using the surrounding vegetation to remain erect, becoming woody at the base. Areoles tomentose. Spines of variable size, the lower usually longer and sturdier, continuing their growth on older areoles and increasing in number with age.
Flowers nocturnal, often self-fertile, funnel-shaped, nice-smelling or not (H. taetra), bearing scaly trichomes, white, pollinated by Sphingideae (Pseudosphinx tetrio) and bats (Monophyllus redmani and Phyllonycteris poeyi), also by supposed anemophily (H. portoricensis, Rojas-Sandoval & Melendez-Ackerman 2009; Rojas-Sandoval 2012). Fruits globose to egg-shaped, scaly or spiny, yellow or orange, indehiscent (not opening) in the subgenus Harrisia, or red
and dehiscent (splitting) in the subgenus Eriocereus, with edible white pulp containing numerous seeds (from 100 up to more than 1000), floral remains persistent when ripe. Seeds large, black or brown, roughly oblong, with a scaly appearance. Fruits consumed accordingly to regions by lizards, mice, coatis, foxes, tapirs (Tapirus terrestris). The dispersal of seeds is probably ensured by them, but more often by birds and bats.
• HABITAT
The genus Harrisia grows usually in the shade among grasses, bushes and shrubs, in spiny forests with a dry season, in matorral, from sea level on coastal mounds (H. fragrans), mogotes (H. earlei), stacks (H. taetra) up to about 3000 m in altitude (H. tetracantha), in cracks of limestone rocks, usually together with other cacti. The subgenus Harrisia is found in the Caribbean region and in Florida, while the subgenus Eriocereus has a large disjunction, and is present from southern Brazil, in Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia, then in the Northeast of Brazil (H. adscendens).
• DISTRIBUTION
Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman), Bahamas, Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraiba, Piaui, Pernambuco, Sergipe), Cuba (Camaguey, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Oriente, Pinar del Rio, Santiago de Cuba), Haiti, Honduras (Islands del Cisne), Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro),Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Uruguay (Rio Negro), USA (Florida). Naturalized in South Africa, Australia and Hawaii.

Currently 18 species recognised in this work + one subspecies and a supposed hybrid (according to Franck, 2012):
– Harrisia aboriginum* Small 1920
– Harrisia adscendens* (Gurke) Britton & Rose 1920
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) bonplandii* (Parm.) Britton & Rose 1920 (= H. balansae)
– Harrisia brookii* Britton 1908
– Harrisia caymanensis* Franck 2012
– Harrisia divaricata* (Lam.) Backeb. 1960 (= H. nashli)
– Harrisia earlei* Britton & Rose 1920
– Harrisia eriophora* (Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose 1908
– Harrisia fernowii* Britton 1909 (= H. taylorii)
– Harrisia fragrans* Small 1920 (= H. simpsonii)
– Harrisia gracilis* Britton 1908
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) jusbertii (Rebut, ex K. Schum.) Fric 1932
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) martini* (Labour.) Britton 1917
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) pomanensis* (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose 1920
– Harrisia portoricensis* Britton 1909 (= H. hurstil)
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) regelii* (Weing.) Borg 1937
– Harrisia taetra* Areces 1980
– Harrisia tetracantha* (Labour.) Hunt 1987 ex Roseocereus tephracanthus
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) tortuosa* (J.Forbes ex Otto & A.Dietrich) Britton & Rose 1920
– Harrisia (Eriocereus) tortuosa subsp. uruguayensis* (Osten) J.Lode 2013

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 30, 2016April 30, 2016

HAMATOCACTUS

Autor: Britton & Rose

• ETYMOLOGY
≪Cactus hook≫, characteristic of the genus, with central spines curved like fishhooks.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of globose plants becoming elongated, usually solitary (but clustering if the apex has been damaged). Ribs sinuous, spiralled, well defined, with areolar glands; spines more or less sturdy, flexible, elongated, central hooked.
Flowers diurnal, sometimes self-fertile, funnel-shaped, silky yellow, orange or yellow with a red throat, fragrant, pollinated by bees. Fruits elongated, spherical or egg-shaped, green or red, fleshy, basally dehiscent. Seeds shiny or matt, reticulate orfoveolate (dotted with holes), black.
• HABITAT
The genus Hamatocactus grows in scattered, never abundant populations, in the Chihuahuan desert, on limestone terraces, in stony areas of dry plains, on foothills, mostly under shrubs (Larrea spp.), in coastal lowlands, from the sea level up to 1550 m in altitude, together with other cacti (Ariocarpus, Mammillaria).
• DISTRIBUTION
Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas), USA (New Mexico, Texas).

Currently 2 recognised species + one subspecies:
– Hamatocactus hamatacanthus* (Muehlenpf.) F.M.Knuth 1935
– Hamatocactus hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus (A.Dietr.) J.Lode 2013
– Hamatocactus setispinus* (Engelm.) Britton & Rose 1922

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 30, 2016April 30, 2016

X HAAGESPOSTOA

https://images52.fotki.com/v638/photos/6/664583/2942942/photo14-vi.jpg

Autor: Rowley

X Haagespostoa is a natural hybrid (nothogenus) between Haageocereus and Espostoa exclusively found in Peru. Backeberg took this taxon for a new genus, and described it as Neobinghamia. According to Ostolaza (Quepo 2009), five taxa are known, all situated west of the Andes. It seems that we must take more seriously the phenomenon of natural hybridization in plants in general and cacti in particular..
The study of reticulate evolution within a genus is promising for the knowledge of Cactaceae, and the propensity to find intergeneric hybrids requires us to pursue even further investigations in this domain. Having used the same epithets identical to Espostoa for two of them (E. mirabilis and E. ritteri) is clumsy and confusing; x Haagespostoa mirabilis (supposed hybrid between E. lanata and Haageocereus versicolor) is found in the Olmos valley (Lambayeque), Peru, while Espostoa mirabilis grows in the gorges of the rio Maranon near Balsas (Amazonas). X Haagespostoa ritteri (supposed hybrid between E. nana and Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. chryseus)
is found towards Yungaypampa and Huallanca (Ancash) while Espostoa ritteri lives near Bellavista (Cajamarca) and also in the department of Amazonas. Rowley (2004) found a solution by considering them as synonyms to x Haagespostoa albisetata.
• HABITAT
The genusx Haagespostoa grows endemically in Peru on mountainous slopes in rocky masses, in ravines (quebradas) and valleys, between 300 m and 1820 m in altitude. Populations are obviously rare and limited.
• DISTRIBUTION
Peru (Ancash, Lambayeque, Lima).

Currently 5 supposed taxa:
– x Haagespostoa albisetata* (Akers) G.D.Rowley 1982
– x Haagespostoa climaxantha* (Werderm.) G.D.Rowley 1982
– x Haagespostoa mirabilis (Rauh & Backeberg) Ostolaza 2009
– x Haagespostoa ritteri Ostolaza 2009
– x Haagespostoa villigera* (Rauh & Backeberg) Ostolaza 2005

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 30, 2016April 30, 2016

HAAGEOCEREUS

Autor: Backeberg

• ETYMOLOGY
Genus honouring Walter Haage (1899-1992), German nurseryman, botanist and author specializing in cacti (see portrait above, ccourtesy of Ulrich Haage).
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of shrubby to treelike plants, very variable shape, prostrate, crawling, tentacular, ascending or erect. Stems cylindrical branching from the base with many low ribs (up to 26), often tuberculate, with relatively large, close-set areoles. Spines numerous (+50 in some species), sometimes covering completely the epidermis.
Flowers nocturnal, but remaining open until next morning, tubular to funnel-shaped, white, greenish-white, carmine to dull red, pollinated by bats (H. pacalaensis, H. pseudomelanostele) or by hummingbirds, also by Sphingideae for the subgenus Pygmaeocereus and observed on H. acranthus subsp. olowinskianus and H. australis (Rauh 1958, in Emerson 2007). Floral tube sturdy, scaly, hairy, setose at the base. Fruits globose to elongated, red, fleshy, having some hairs and scales, edible, floral remains persistent. Seeds numerous (up to 800), rather small, egg-shaped, black, shiny, irregularly dotted with holes, or subglobose, matt and reticulate in the subgenus Pygmaeocereus. Dispersion ensured by birds (Troglodytes aedon).
• HABITAT
The genus Haageocereus (including Pygmaeocereus) is essentially a Peruvian genus with some species in the extreme north of Chile, and grows from sea level (taking advantage of the Pacific coastal fog, named garua in Peru, and camanchaca in Chile), on dunes of clastic sediments in the coastal desert, to the mountains west of the Andes, on sandy or rocky soils, up to 3000 m in altitude. Near the ocean, plants are very often covered with mosses and lichens (regrettably also of with plastic bags and all sort of human waste), sometimes almost completely buried in the sand.In this habitat, the surrounding vegetation is rare, very scattered and consists essentially of terrestrial Bromeliads.
• DISTRIBUTION
Chile (Arica, Tarapaca), Peru (Ancash, Arequipa, Cajamarca, lea, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, Tacna).

Currently 14 possible species, plus 8 subspecies:
– Haageocereus acranthus* (Vaupel) Backeb. 1935
– Haageocereus acranthus subsp. backebergii (Backeb.) N. Calderon 2007
– Haageocereus acranthus subsp olowinskianus* (Backeb.) Ostolaza 1998 (- H. limensis)
– Haageocereus albispinus* (Akers) Backeb. 1958
– Haageocereus (Pygm.) bieblii (Diers) J.Lode 2013
– Haageocereus (Pygm.) bieblii subsp. kuehhasii* (Diers) J.Lode 2013
– Haageocereus (Pygm.) bylesianus* (Andreae & Backeberg) J.Lode 2013
– Haageocereus decumbens* (Vaupel) Backeb. 1934 (= H. australis)
– Haageocereus (Pygm.) familiaris (Ritter) J.Lode 2013
– Haageocereus fascicularis (Meyen) Ritter 1980 (= H. chilensis (Ritter ex) Hunt 2005 nom. superfl.)
– Haageocereus lanugispinus F.Ritter 1981 (= Pygm. densiaculeatus)
– Haageocereus pacalaensis* Backeb. 1935 (= H. repens)
– Haageocereus pacalaensis subsp. repens* (Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza 2000
– Haageocereus platinospinus* (Werderm. & Backeb.) Backeb. 1935
– Haageocereus pseudomelanostele* (Werderm. & Backeb.) Backeb. 1935 (= H. chosicensis ?)
– Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. acanthocladus (Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza 2003
– Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. aureispinus (Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza 1998
– Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. chryseus Hunt 2002
– Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. turbidus* (Rauh & Backeb.) Ostolaza 1998
– Haageocereus pseudoversicolor* Rauh & Backeb. 1957 (= H. icosagonoides)
– Haageocereus tenuis* F.Ritter 1981
– Haageocereus versicolor* (Werderm. & Backeb.) Backeb. 1935

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)

April 29, 2016April 29, 2016

GYMNOCALYCIUM

http://www.cactusinhabitat.org/images/uploads/190/b_66-1020898.JPG

Autor: Pfeiffer

• ETYMOLOGY
“Naked calyx” making reference to the hairless and spineless floral tube of the genus.
• DESCRIPTION
A genus of usually solitary low-growing plants, sometimes clustering, globose to shortly cylindrical, with the apex depressed. Ribs rounded, sometimes spiralled, often tuberculate, sometimes chinned. Areoles rather large, spines variable, never hooked.
Flowers diurnal, subapical, funnel-shaped to bell-shaped, white, creamy-white, yellow, pink, red, tube with large scales and hyaline margins, areoles naked, pollinated by bees: Andrenidae (Acamptopoeum prinii, Anthrenoides micans, Arhysosage cactorum, Callynochium petuniae, Psaenythia annulata, P. superba), Anthophoridae (Ancyloscelis fiebrigii, Lanthanomelissa completa, Ceratina asunciana, C. hyemalis, C. rupestris, C. volitans, Ptilothrix fructifera),
Apidae (Plebeia emerina, P. wittmannii), Colletidae (Cephalocolletes rugata), Halictidae (Augochlora semiramis, Augochloropsis euterpe, Dialictus sp.) Megachilidae (Lithurgus rufiventris) (Schlindwein & Wittmann 1995, 1997). Fruits globose to elongated, dry or fleshy, dehiscent laterally, bursting or deliquescent, floral remains persistent. Extremely variable seeds (a basis for the classification of the genus). Dispersion of seeds, and according to their structure, provided by ants (myrmecochory), also by rainwater (hydrochory).
• HABITAT
The genus Gymnocalycium has a very wide geographical range and habitats are very diverse. It grows in mountains, on rocky hillsides preferably in the shade among grasses, under shrubs, often at ground level, cryptic, on gritty, rocky, clayey or sandy soils, among granitic rocks, in areas of erosion, in cracks or on fallen rocks, on rocky outcrops among mosses and lichens, in pockets of humus mixed with quartz gravels, with plant debris, more rarely in full sun, in grasslands, near salt lakes or fossil dunes (Gymnocalycium marsoneri subsp. megatae), on salty soils (G. ragonesei)
or even swampy (6. schroederianum). It is found in the mountains of southern Bolivia and northern Argentina, in the warm and wet plains of southern Brazil, dry savannas of Paraguay (Chaco), and southern Argentina in rather mountainous and cold regions (where frosts prevail), from 50 m (G. schroederianum) up to 3000 m in altitude (6. spegazzinii).
• DISTRIBUTION
Argentina (Buenos-Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman), Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron, Concepcion, Cordillera, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes), Uruguay (Durazno, Rio Negro).

Currently 60 recognised species + 18 subspecies :
– Gymnocalycium albiareolatum Rausch 1985
– Gymnocalycium amerhauseri* H.Till 1994
– Gymnocalycium andreae* (Boed.) Backeb. 1935
– Gymnocalycium angelae Meregalli 1998
– Gymnocalycium anisitsii* (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium anisitsii subsp. damsii* (K.Schumann) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium baldianum* (Speg.) Speg. 1925
– Gymnocalycium bayrianum* H.Till 1987
– Gymnocalycium berchtii G.J.A.Neuhuber 1997
– Gymnocalycium bodenbenderianum* (Hosseus ex A.Berger) A.W.Hill 1933
– Gymnocalycium bruchii* (Speg.) Hosseus 1926
– Gymnocalycium buenekeri Swales 1978
– Gymnocalycium calochlorum* (Boed.) Y.ito 1952
– Gymnocalycium capillaense* (Schick) Hosseus 1926
– Gymnocalycium cardenasianum F.Ritter 1964
– Gymnocalycium carolinense (Neuhuber) Neuhuber 1994
– Gymnocalycium castellanosii* Backeb. 1936
– Gymnocalycium castellanosii subsp. ferocius* (H.Till & Amerhauser) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium chacoense* Amerhauser 1999
– Gymnocalycium chiquitanum Cardenas 1963
– Gymnocalycium denudatum* (Link & Otto) Pfeiff. ex Mittler 1844
– Gymnocalycium erinaceum* J.G.Lambert 1985
– Gymnocalycium eurypleurum* F.Ritter 1979
– Gymnocalycium fischeri* Halda, Kupcak, Lukasik & Sladkovsky 2002
– Gymnocalycium gibbosum* (Haw.) Pfeiff. ex Mittler 1844
– Gymnocalycium gibbosum subsp. borthii (Koop ex H.Till) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium glaucum* F.Ritter 1963
– Gymnocalycium glaucum subsp. ferrari* (Rausch) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium horridispinum* G.Frank ex H.Till 1987
– Gymnocalycium horridispinum subsp. achirasense (H.Till & Schatzl ex H.Till) G.Charles 2009
– Gymnocalycium horstii* Burning 1970
– Gymnocalycium hossei* F.Haage 1927
– Gymnocalycium hyptiacanthum* (Lemaire) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium hyptiacanthum subsp. netrelianum* (Monville ex Labouret) Meregalli 2008
– Gymnocalycium hyptiacanthum subsp. uruguayense* (Arechavaleta) Meregalli 2008
– Gymnocalycium intertextum Backeb. ex H.Till 1987
– Gymnocalycium kieslingii* O. Ferra ri 1985
– Gymnocalycium kroenleinii Kiesling, Rausch & Ferrari 2000
– Gymnocalycium marsoneri* Fric ex Y.lto 1957
– Gymnocalycium marsoneri subsp. matoense (Burning & Brederoo) P.J.Braun & Esteves 1995
– Gymnocalycium marsoneri subsp. megatae* (Y.lto) G.Charles 2009
– Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum* R.Kiesling 1980
– Gymnocalycium mihanovichii* (Fric ex Gurke) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium monvillei* (Lem.) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium mostii* (Gurke) Britton & Rose 1918
– Gymnocalycium mostii subsp. valnicekianum* (Jajo) Meregalli & Charles 2008
– Gymnocalycium neuhuberi H.Till & W.Till 1992
– Gymnocalycium nigriareolatum Backeb. 1934
– Gymnocalycium ochoterenae Backeb. 1936
– Gymnocalycium ochoterenae subsp. vatteri (Burning) Papsch 1993
– Gymnocalycium oenanthemum* Backeb. 1934 (= G. corminanthum, G. tillianum)
– Gymnocalycium paediophilum F.Ritter ex Schutz 1977
– Gymnocalycium paraguayense* (K.Schum.) Hosseus 1939
– Gymnocalycium pflanzii* (Vaupel) Werderm. 1935
– Gymnocalycium pflanzii subsp. argentinense* H.Till & w.Till 1988
– Gymnocalycium pflanzii subsp. zegarrae* (Cardenas) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium prochazkianum Sorma 1999
– Gymnocalycium pugionacanthum* Backeb. ex H.Till 1987
– Gymnocalycium quehlianum* (F.Haage ex Quehl) Vaupel ex Hosseus 1926
– Gymnocalycium ragonesei A.Cast. 1950
– Gymnocalycium reductum* (Link) Pfeiff. ex Mittler 1844
– Gymnocalycium reductum subsp. leeanum* (Hooker) Papsch 2000
– Gymnocalycium rhodantherum* (Boed.) Backeb. 1936 (= G. guanchinense)
– Gymnocalycium ritterianum* Rausch 1972
– Gymnocalycium robustum* Ferrari & Metzing 2002
– Gymnocalycium saglionis* (Cels) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium schickendantzii* (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium schickendantzii subsp. delaetii (K.Schumann) G.Charles 2005
– Gymnocalycium schroederianum Osten 1941
– Gymnocalycium schroederianum subsp. bayense Kiesling 1987
– Gymnocalycium schroederianum subsp. boessii Kiesling, Marchesi & Ferrari 2002
– Gymnocalycium schuetzianum H.Till & Schatzl 1981
– Gymnocalycium spegazzinii Britton & Rose 1922
– Gymnocalycium stenopleurum* F.Ritter 1979 (ex G. Friedrichii)
– Gymnocalycium striglianum* Jeggle ex H.Till 1987
– Gymnocalycium stuckertii (Spegazzini) Britton & Rose 1905
– Gymnocalycium taningaense Piltz 1990
– Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum* Rausch 1972

References: "TAXONOMY of the CACTACEAE" -  ISBN 978-84-617-3723-9 (Vol. 1)